ࡱ > r t q )` $ bjbjUU 8J ? ? Z Z Z Z " " " 8 Z l $ n+ 2 ` ` , * * * * * * * $ , h / + + > " ` + + + Z Z (+ + Z 8 $ ` + * " # ^u2 " " y$ >+ 0 n+ " 0 d 0 4 # 0 # p | . d + + n+ + + + + d " " Z Z Z Z Z Z Abstract Tracking sources of crack samples can help the police to find the dealers who distribute these poisons in the community. Various analytical techniques and statistical methods could be used to achieve this purpose. Principle component analysis applied on the NMR scans for seized crack cocaine samples in attempt to gather the similar samples which contain same cutting agents (adulterants, diluents).
INTRODUCTION
Principle component analysis provides information about various samples by gathering samples into clusters which have similar components ADDIN EN.CITE Esseiva2005489[1]48948917Esseiva, P.Anglada, F.Dujourdy, L.Taroni, F.Margot, P.Du Pasquier, E.Dawson, M.Roux, C.Doble, P.Univ Technol Sydney, Fac Sci, Ctr Forens Sci, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. Univ Lausanne, Inst Police Sci, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Doble, P (reprint author), Univ Technol Sydney, Fac Sci, Ctr Forens Sci, POB 123, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
philip.doble@uts.edu.auChemical profiling and classification of illicit heroin by principal component analysis, calculation of inter sample correlation and artificial neural networksTalantaTalantaTalantaTalantaTalantaTalanta360-367672drug intelligenceheroin profilingneural networksprincipalcomponent analysisseizuresrecognition2005Aug0039-9140WOS:000231521300012Article<Go to ISI>://WOS:00023152130001210.1016/j.talanta.2005.03.041English[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Esseiva, 2005 #489" 1]. Seized crack samples were analysed by NMR technique as sensitive, economic, not complicated method to scan unknown content samples of illicit drugs ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Sanchez Gonzalez, 1987 #377" 2-4]. The Crack samples include many adulterants that are added by dealers for different purposes. Same dealers usually use cutting agents depending on availability, drug form, and unknown reasons.
This method may help to gather the varied samples into groups that include similar adulterants which were added by same dealer probably.
The aim of this study is to help the police to detect the routes of distribution by following the samples which have same adulterants in one or more area. This may be the first step to establish a data-base contain the information about the purity and adulterants across the country.
Materials and Methods
Cocaine hydrochloride, Phenacetin and Benzocaine BP were purchased from Ferris & Co., Bristol, UK, BDH Chemicals, UK, J. M. Loveridge, UK; respectively. Deuterium oxide, deuteriated methanol, and deuteriated chloroform, and deuteriated Dimethyl sulfoxide d6-DMSO were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, UK.
NMR analysis was using a Bruker Avance (1H at 400 MHz). 1H NMR analysis was carried out by dissolving crack (10 mg) in d6-DMSO (0.5 mL). Samples were analyzed using a 400 MHz NMR spectrometer. Mnova 8.1.1 software for processing, analysis NMR scans. IBM SPSS statistics 20 is to carry on the PCA technique.
RESULTS AND Discussion
PCA was applied for the NMR data. The result was one cluster because most of the samples contain the same component and in nearly same ratio. For that, another new group of seized samples was provided recently, and they have been profiling. PCA will be carried on these new samples to present the efficacy of PCA to differentiate between varied samples to gather similar samples together.
Fig. 1. The Scree plot of PCA results.
The scree plot presents the PCA results so that the most samples were gathered as one cluster because they may be came from one source (Fig. 1).
CONCLUSIONS
Tracking illicit drug samples is an application of pharmaceutical analysis that can provide the police with important evidence how the samples distributed and where the cutting is done at which level. PCA and other statistical methods are used relying on natural minor components or adulterants to detect the geographical or source of these drugs around the world ADDIN EN.CITE Ehleringer2000683[5]68368317Ehleringer, James RCasale, John FLott, Michael JFord, Valerie LTracing the geographical origin of cocaineNatureNature311-312408681020000028-0836[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Ehleringer, 2000 #683" 5].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the University of Bath, Wellcome Trust, and Said Foundation for financial support for MZS
REFERENCES
ADDIN EN.REFLIST [1] P. Esseiva, F. Anglada, L. Dujourdy, et al, Chemical profiling and classification of illicit heroin by principal component analysis, calculation of inter sample correlation and artificial neural networks Talanta 67 (2005) 360-367.
[2] A. Sanchez Gonzalez and E. Uriarte, NMR in pharmaceuical analysis quantitative evalutation of cocaine hydrochloride Farmaco Edizione Pratica, 42 (1987) 281-285.
[3] T.J. Henderson, D.B. Cullinan, R.J. Lawrence, et al, Positive identification of the principal component of a white powder as scopolamine by quantitative one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR techniques Journal of forensic sciences, 53 (2008) 151-161.
[4] T. Gostic, S. Klemenc and B. Stefane, A study of the thermal decomposition of adulterated cocaine samples under optimized aerobic pyrolytic conditions Forensic science international, 178 (2009) 19-28.
[5] J.R. Ehleringer, J.F. Casale, M.J. Lott, et al, Tracing the geographical origin of cocaine Nature, 408 (2000) 311-312.
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Tracking crack cocaine samples sources by using principle component analysis
M. Z. Shehab, I. S. Blagbrough, M. G. Rowan, J. Scott
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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